Variation in Psychological Attributes (Free Access)

INTELLIGENCE & CREATIVITY

  • Intelligence is the ability to acquire knowledge, to think and reason effectively, and to deal adaptively with the environment.

History

  • Sir Francis Galton 
    • measured reaction time, hand strength, sensory acuity, and skull size
    • believed that people from privileged backgrounds were more intelligent
    • His mental skill measures were not valid or reliable because results were not complying
  • Alfred Binet
    • 2 assumptions
      • mental abilities increase with age
      • rate of gaining competence is a personal characteristic
    • Intelligence quotient (William Stern)
      • MA/CAx100 (MA = Mental Age, CA = Chronological Age)
      • Today IQ is an individual score in comparison to norms of other individuals of the same age
  • Lewis Terman created Stanford-Binet test (verbal items)
  • Arthur Otis
    • Army Alpha (verbal)
    • Army Beta (non-verbal)
  • Weschler (verbal and non-verbal)   WAIS  WISC  WPPSI  WAIS III  WISC IV

NATURE OF INTELLIGENCE

  • Two major approaches
    • Psychometric – structure and types of mental competencies
    • Cognitive – thought process underlying mental competencies

Psychometric theoretical approach

  • Statistical study of intelligence using observable measures
  • Factor analysis was used to arrive at components
  • Reduction of larger measures to smaller clusters
    • Charles Spearman
      • g-factor – general intelligence
      • s-factor – specific intelligence
    • L.L. Thurstone
      • 7 distinct abilities called “Primary Mental Abilities”
        • verbal comprehension
        • perceptual speed
        • number
        • spatial visualisation
        • associative memory
        • word fluency
        • reasoning
  • (Study Tip: VPN-SAW-R)
    • Raymond Cattell and Horn
      • Broke Spearman’s general intelligence “g” into 2 subtypes
        • Crystallized intelligence (gc) is the ability to apply previously learned knowledge to current problems (vocals and info tests)
          • Creates expertise
        • Fluid intelligence (gf) – arriving at novel problem solving situation which does not develop out of personal experience 
          • inductive reasoning
          • reason abstractly, logical, management of info in working memory
      • Humans move from fluid to crystallized through life
    • Carollus
      • Three structure model 
        • g
        • + Broad
        • Narrow
    • Guilford’s Structure of Intellect Model
      • Operations (5)
      • Products (6)
      • Contents (5)
      • 150 components are possible
      • Also known as
        • SI Theory
        • Factor analysis
        • OPC Model
Operations (5) Products (6) Contents (5)
Cognition   Unitssingle item of knowledge Visualperceived through seeing
2. Memory 2. Classes sets sharing common attributes 2. Auditory learning
3. Divergent Production 3. Relations units linked as opposites, associates, etc. 3. Symbolic symbols
4. Convergent Production 4. Systems multiple relationsinterrelated networks 4. Semantic meaning and ideas
5. Evaluation 5. Transformation changes – prospective, conversion or mutation of knowledge 5. Behavioural Acts
  6. Implication prediction, inferences, anticipation of knowledge  
  • Gave emphasis to divergent production (thinking) with 4 characteristics
    • Fluency – great number of ideas
    • Flexibility – variety of approaches
    • Originality – new, novel ideas
    • Elaboration – systematize and organise ideas
  • (Study Tip: F for FOE)

Cognitive Process theories

  • Explore specific information-processing and cognitive process that underlie intellectual ability
  • Robert Sternberg- Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
    • psychological process and diverse intelligence
    • 3 components:
    • Meta components
      • Higher order processes used to plan and regulate task performance
      • Type of fluid intelligence
    • Performance
      • mental processes used to perform based on experience
      • type of crystallized intelligence
    • Knowledge acquisition
      • learning from experiences, store information, combine new insights and previously acquired information
      •  combining crystallized and fluid intelligence
    • Further 3 different classes of adaptive problem solving were suggested (APC)
      • Analytical intelligence
        • academically oriented problem solving
        • traditional intelligence
      • Practical intelligence
        • skills to cope with daily needs
      • Creative intelligence
        • mental skills for novel problems
  • Other theories
    • Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
      • Visuospatial intelligence
      • Interpersonal intelligence
      • Linguistic intelligence
      • Logical-mathematical intelligence
      • Natural intelligence
      • Intrapersonal intelligence
      • Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
      • Musical intelligence
  •  (Study Tip: VILL NIBM)
    • Jensen Intelligence Theory (Arthur Jensen)
      • Level 1 (equal among races)
        • memory ability and simple associative learning
      • Level 2 (unequal among races)
        • abstract reasoning and conceptual thought
        • Whites and Asians have more
    • Vernon
      • Hierarchical Model of Intelligence 
    • Culture Fair/Free Intelligence Tests 
      • 1st – Army Examination Beta
      • Non-verbal material
        • They include Learning Potential Assessment Device (LPAD)
        • Culture Free Self Esteem Inventories
        • Black Intelligence Tests of Cultural Homogeneity
        • Raven Progressive Matrices
      • Not completely free
      • Cattell’s Culture Fair
        • 1-3 scales
        • Age > 4
          • Cultural experience
          • Verbal ability
          • Educational level
          • Special education
    • Goleman – Emotional Intelligence
      • 5 components
        • Emotional self-awareness
        • Self-regulation
        • Motivation
        • Empathy
        • Social skills
    • Emotional Intelligence given by John D. Mayer and Peter Salovey
      • 4 components
        • Perceiving emotions nonverbally
        • Using emotions to facilitate thought
        • Understanding emotions and creating action
        • Managing emotions
      • Measured by – Mayer Salovey Caruso Emotional Intelligence

Measurement of IQ

  • WAIS – verbal (6) and Performance (5) = (11)
    • Verbal & Performance
      • Information
      • Digit symbol
      • Comprehension
      • Picture completion
      • Arithmetic
      • Block Design
      • Similarities
      • Picture Arrangement
      • Letter-number sequencing
      • Object Assembly
      • Vocabulary
  • Psychometric standards
    • Correlation of IQ and Academic Performances are .60 for high school
  • Flynn effect
    • increase in intelligence across the world
    • 3 points per decade
  • Cultural measurements
    • 2 ways
      • Reasoning problems without any cultural knowledge base (eg. Ravens Progressive Matrices)
      • creating measures tied to specific cultures
  • Heredity, Intelligence and Environment correlation coefficient
    • 0.50 – 0.70 due to genes
  • Group differences
    • Arthur Jensen argued for ethnically based intelligence 
    • Difference are due to genetics of different ethnicities
  • Research on IQ shows:
    • Japanese have highest IQ.
    • Asian-Americans less than White Americans in verbal but more on spatial and mathematical reasoning
    • Hispanic same as white
    • African-Americans below white
  • Is intelligence testing biased?
    • 2 types
      • a) Outcome bias
        • underestimation of a person’s true intellectual ability
      • b) Predictive bias
        • Successful measurement for some groups but not others
  • Sex differences in types of intelligences
    • Men > women on spatial tools, target directed, mathematical reasoning
    • Women > men on perceptual speed, verbal fluency, mathematical calculations
  • Extremes of Intelligence
    • Intellectually gifted have an IQ > 130
    • Success depends on
      • highly developed mental abilities
      • creative problem solving
      • motivation and dedication
  • Mental Retardation
    • Mild – 50 – 70
    • Moderate – 35 – 50
    • Severe – 20 – 35
    • Profound – < 20

Creativity

  • Mel Rhodes
    • 4 P’s
      • process
      • product
      • person
      • place
  • Wallas
    • 5 stages
  • Guilford
    • Convergent thinking
    • Divergent thinking
  • Major approaches
    • Guilford
      • based on divergent thinking (production) Fluency, Flexibility, Originality, Elaboration
      • Guilford
        • Traits of creative people and not creative people can help distinguish
        • Many components or traits
          • Think with greater fluency
            • ideational theory
            • associational theory
            • expressional theory
          • Flexibility
            • spontaneous
            • adaptive
          • Originality
          • Elaboration
          • Quantity vs Quality
          • Group vs Individual thinking
    • Medwick 
      • to think of an idea in a new, improbable way
      • created Remote Associates Test (RAT)
      • word finding test
        • three words are given, the idea is to think of one word that resembles all three present 
    • Wallach – predicting of creative thought depends on previous creative accomplishment
      • 4 processes
        • Preparation
        • Incubation
        • Illumination
        • Verification
    • Terrence
      • Minnesota studies confirmed that creative boys felt alienated because:
        • sanctions against divergence
        • may not be well rounded
        • learn on their own
        • attempt difficult tasks
        • searching for a purpose
      • Terrence Test for Creative Thinking (TTCT) based on creativity process
  • Creativity and Intelligence
    • Getzel and Jackson (high area = high IQ in scholastic achievement)
      • said Independent traits (adolescents)
      • used word association
      • uses of things
      • hidden shape
      • fables 
      • make up problems
    • Wallach and Logan
    • Spearman
      • decided separate states to creativity
      • Intelligence threshold below which creativity cannot exist