Variation in Psychological Attributes (Free Access)
INTELLIGENCE & CREATIVITY
- Intelligence is the ability to acquire knowledge, to think and reason effectively, and to deal adaptively with the environment.
History
- Sir Francis Galton
- measured reaction time, hand strength, sensory acuity, and skull size
- believed that people from privileged backgrounds were more intelligent
- His mental skill measures were not valid or reliable because results were not complying
- Alfred Binet
- 2
assumptions
- mental abilities increase with age
- rate of gaining competence is a personal characteristic
- Intelligence
quotient (William Stern)
- MA/CAx100 (MA = Mental Age, CA = Chronological Age)
- Today IQ is an individual score in comparison to norms of other individuals of the same age
- 2
assumptions
- Lewis Terman created Stanford-Binet test (verbal items)
- Arthur Otis
- Army Alpha (verbal)
- Army Beta (non-verbal)
- Weschler (verbal and non-verbal) WAIS WISC WPPSI WAIS III WISC IV
NATURE OF INTELLIGENCE
- Two
major approaches
- Psychometric – structure and types of mental competencies
- Cognitive – thought process underlying mental competencies
Psychometric theoretical approach
- Statistical study of intelligence using observable measures
- Factor analysis was used to arrive at components
- Reduction of larger measures
to smaller clusters
- Charles Spearman
- g-factor – general intelligence
- s-factor – specific intelligence
- L.L. Thurstone
- 7
distinct abilities called “Primary Mental Abilities”
- verbal comprehension
- perceptual speed
- number
- spatial visualisation
- associative memory
- word fluency
- reasoning
- 7
distinct abilities called “Primary Mental Abilities”
- Charles Spearman
- (Study Tip: VPN-SAW-R)
- Raymond Cattell and Horn
- Broke
Spearman’s general intelligence “g” into 2 subtypes
- Crystallized
intelligence (gc) is the ability to apply previously learned knowledge
to current problems (vocals and info tests)
- Creates expertise
- Fluid
intelligence (gf) – arriving at novel problem solving situation which
does not develop out of personal experience
- inductive reasoning
- reason abstractly, logical, management of info in working memory
- Crystallized
intelligence (gc) is the ability to apply previously learned knowledge
to current problems (vocals and info tests)
- Humans move from fluid to crystallized through life
- Broke
Spearman’s general intelligence “g” into 2 subtypes
- Carollus
- Three
structure model
- g
- + Broad
- Narrow
- Three
structure model
- Guilford’s Structure of
Intellect Model
- Operations (5)
- Products (6)
- Contents (5)
- 150 components are possible
- Also
known as
- SI Theory
- Factor analysis
- OPC Model
- Raymond Cattell and Horn
Operations (5) | Products (6) | Contents (5) |
Cognition | Unitssingle item of knowledge | Visualperceived through seeing |
2. Memory | 2. Classes sets sharing common attributes | 2. Auditory learning |
3. Divergent Production | 3. Relations units linked as opposites, associates, etc. | 3. Symbolic symbols |
4. Convergent Production | 4. Systems multiple relationsinterrelated networks | 4. Semantic meaning and ideas |
5. Evaluation | 5. Transformation changes – prospective, conversion or mutation of knowledge | 5. Behavioural Acts |
6. Implication prediction, inferences, anticipation of knowledge |
- Gave emphasis to divergent
production (thinking) with 4 characteristics
- Fluency – great number of ideas
- Flexibility – variety of approaches
- Originality – new, novel ideas
- Elaboration – systematize and organise ideas
- (Study Tip: F for FOE)
Cognitive Process theories
- Explore specific information-processing and cognitive process that underlie intellectual ability
- Robert Sternberg- Triarchic
Theory of Intelligence
- psychological process and diverse intelligence
- 3 components:
- Meta
components
- Higher order processes used to plan and regulate task performance
- Type of fluid intelligence
- Performance
- mental processes used to perform based on experience
- type of crystallized intelligence
- Knowledge
acquisition
- learning from experiences, store information, combine new insights and previously acquired information
- combining crystallized and fluid intelligence
- Further
3 different classes of adaptive problem solving were suggested (APC)
- Analytical
intelligence
- academically oriented problem solving
- traditional intelligence
- Practical
intelligence
- skills to cope with daily needs
- Creative
intelligence
- mental skills for novel problems
- Analytical
intelligence
- Other theories
- Gardner’s
Multiple Intelligences
- Visuospatial intelligence
- Interpersonal intelligence
- Linguistic intelligence
- Logical-mathematical intelligence
- Natural intelligence
- Intrapersonal intelligence
- Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
- Musical intelligence
- Gardner’s
Multiple Intelligences
- (Study
Tip: VILL NIBM)
- Jensen Intelligence Theory
(Arthur Jensen)
- Level
1 (equal among races)
- memory ability and simple associative learning
- Level
2 (unequal among races)
- abstract reasoning and conceptual thought
- Whites and Asians have more
- Level
1 (equal among races)
- Vernon
- Hierarchical Model of Intelligence
- Culture Fair/Free
Intelligence Tests
- 1st – Army Examination Beta
- Non-verbal
material
- They include Learning Potential Assessment Device (LPAD)
- Culture Free Self Esteem Inventories
- Black Intelligence Tests of Cultural Homogeneity
- Raven Progressive Matrices
- Not completely free
- Cattell’s
Culture Fair
- 1-3 scales
- Age
> 4
- Cultural experience
- Verbal ability
- Educational level
- Special education
- Goleman – Emotional
Intelligence
- 5
components
- Emotional self-awareness
- Self-regulation
- Motivation
- Empathy
- Social skills
- 5
components
- Emotional Intelligence
given by John D. Mayer and Peter Salovey
- 4
components
- Perceiving emotions nonverbally
- Using emotions to facilitate thought
- Understanding emotions and creating action
- Managing emotions
- Measured by – Mayer Salovey Caruso Emotional Intelligence
- 4
components
- Jensen Intelligence Theory
(Arthur Jensen)
Measurement of IQ
- WAIS
– verbal (6) and Performance (5) = (11)
- Verbal
& Performance
- Information
- Digit symbol
- Comprehension
- Picture completion
- Arithmetic
- Block Design
- Similarities
- Picture Arrangement
- Letter-number sequencing
- Object Assembly
- Vocabulary
- Verbal
& Performance
- Psychometric standards
- Correlation of IQ and Academic Performances are .60 for high school
- Flynn effect
- increase in intelligence across the world
- 3 points per decade
- Cultural measurements
- 2
ways
- Reasoning problems without any cultural knowledge base (eg. Ravens Progressive Matrices)
- creating measures tied to specific cultures
- 2
ways
- Heredity, Intelligence and
Environment correlation coefficient
- 0.50 – 0.70 due to genes
- Group differences
- Arthur Jensen argued for ethnically based intelligence
- Difference are due to genetics of different ethnicities
- Research on IQ shows:
- Japanese have highest IQ.
- Asian-Americans less than White Americans in verbal but more on spatial and mathematical reasoning
- Hispanic same as white
- African-Americans below white
- Is intelligence testing
biased?
- 2
types
- a)
Outcome bias
- underestimation of a person’s true intellectual ability
- b)
Predictive bias
- Successful measurement for some groups but not others
- a)
Outcome bias
- 2
types
- Sex differences in types of
intelligences
- Men > women on spatial tools, target directed, mathematical reasoning
- Women > men on perceptual speed, verbal fluency, mathematical calculations
- Extremes of Intelligence
- Intellectually gifted have an IQ > 130
- Success
depends on
- highly developed mental abilities
- creative problem solving
- motivation and dedication
- Mental Retardation
- Mild – 50 – 70
- Moderate – 35 – 50
- Severe – 20 – 35
- Profound – < 20
Creativity
- Mel Rhodes
- 4
P’s
- process
- product
- person
- place
- 4
P’s
- Wallas
- 5 stages
- Guilford
- Convergent thinking
- Divergent thinking
- Major approaches
- Guilford
- based on divergent thinking (production) Fluency, Flexibility, Originality, Elaboration
- Guilford
- Traits of creative people and not creative people can help distinguish
- Many
components or traits
- Think
with greater fluency
- ideational theory
- associational theory
- expressional theory
- Flexibility
- spontaneous
- adaptive
- Originality
- Elaboration
- Quantity vs Quality
- Group vs Individual thinking
- Think
with greater fluency
- Medwick
- to think of an idea in a new, improbable way
- created Remote Associates Test (RAT)
- word
finding test
- three words are given, the idea is to think of one word that resembles all three present
- Wallach
– predicting of creative thought depends on previous creative
accomplishment
- 4
processes
- Preparation
- Incubation
- Illumination
- Verification
- 4
processes
- Terrence
- Minnesota
studies confirmed that creative boys felt alienated because:
- sanctions against divergence
- may not be well rounded
- learn on their own
- attempt difficult tasks
- searching for a purpose
- Terrence Test for Creative Thinking (TTCT) based on creativity process
- Minnesota
studies confirmed that creative boys felt alienated because:
- Guilford
- Creativity and Intelligence
- Getzel
and Jackson (high area = high IQ in scholastic achievement)
- said Independent traits (adolescents)
- used word association
- uses of things
- hidden shape
- fables
- make up problems
- Wallach and Logan
- Spearman
- decided separate states to creativity
- Intelligence threshold below which creativity cannot exist
- Getzel
and Jackson (high area = high IQ in scholastic achievement)